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Oakland Unified School District is a public education school district that operates about 100 elementary schools (K-5), middle schools (6-8), and high schools (9-12) in Oakland, California. ==History== The Oakland Unified School District was founded in the 19th century as part of the city's birth as a bedroom community for families working in San Francisco. Today the district includes around 120 schools including several dozen sites that have been founded or redesigned as part a nationwide small schools movement. In 2003, the state Legislature passed an emergency $100 million loan for the insolvent school district leading to state control of the 48,000-student school system. Randolph E. Ward, Ed.D., was appointed in 2003 to serve as state administrator for the school district.() During its early twentieth century history, Oakland was one of the first school districts to use the I.Q. test developed by Stanford Professor Lewis Terman to track its students.〔Tyack, D. (1974) The One Best System. Harvard University Press〕 Terman believed Northern European whites were smarter than others. He placed his graduate student, Virgil Dickson, as research director of the Oakland schools, and the resulting tracking system placed most African-American and Mexican students in the lowest track classes.〔Terman, L. (1916) The Measurement of Intelligence. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin〕 The resulting racial stratification continued through the 1960s until more African American and Latinos were elected to the school board and questioned the tracking process.〔Epstein, K.K. (2006) A Different View of Urban Schools: Civil Rights, Critical Race Theory and Unexplored Realities. New York: Peter Lang〕 The Oakland Unified School District entered into a two phase resolution plan with the U.S. Department of Education's Civil Rights division on September 27, 2012 to address the problem of African American students being disciplined more frequently and more harshly than white students. This agreement included the implementation of a variety of interventions including Restorative Justice programs, an African American Male Achievement Manhood development program and a programs to address trauma related behavioral issues of African American students. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Oakland Unified School District」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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